In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

erofs: add GFP_NOIO in the bio completion if needed

The bio completion path in the process context (e.g. dm-verity)
will directly call into decompression rather than trigger another
workqueue context for minimal scheduling latencies, which can
then call vm_map_ram() with GFP_KERNEL.

Due to insufficient memory, vm_map_ram() may generate memory
swapping I/O, which can cause submit_bio_wait to deadlock
in some scenarios.

Trimmed down the call stack, as follows:

f2fs_submit_read_io
submit_bio //bio_list is initialized.
mmc_blk_mq_recovery
z_erofs_endio
vm_map_ram
__pte_alloc_kernel
__alloc_pages_direct_reclaim
shrink_folio_list
__swap_writepage
submit_bio_wait //bio_list is non-NULL, hang!!!

Use memalloc_noio_{save,restore}() to wrap up this path.